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This article summarizes the phonology (the sound system, or in more general terms, the pronunciation) of Standard Chinese (Standard Mandarin). Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. Actual production varies widely among speakers, as they inadvertently introduce elements of their native dialects (although television and radio announcers are chosen for their pronunciation accuracy and standard accent). Elements of the sound system include not only the segments – the vowels and consonants of the language – but also the tones that are applied to each syllable. Standard Chinese has four main tones, in addition to a neutral tone used on weak syllables. This article represents phonetic values using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), noting correspondences chiefly with the pinyin system for transcription of Chinese text. For correspondences with other systems, see the relevant articles, such as Wade–Giles, bopomofo (zhuyin), Gwoyeu Romatzyh, etc., and Romanization of Chinese. ==Consonants== The following table shows the consonant sounds of Standard Chinese, transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The sounds shown in parentheses are frequently not analyzed as separate phonemes; for more on these, see Palatal series and Glides, below. Excluding these, there are 19 consonant phonemes in the inventory. Between pairs of stops or affricates having the same place and manner of articulation, the primary distinction is not voiced vs. voiceless (as in French), but unaspirated vs. aspirated (as in Icelandic). The unaspirated stops and affricates may however become voiced in weak syllables (see Syllable reduction, below). Such pairs are represented in the pinyin system mostly using letters which (in European languages) principally denote voiceless/voiced pairs, with the "voiceless" letter representing an aspirated sound, and the "voiced" letter an unaspirated sound – for example, pinyin ''p'' and ''b'' represent respectively and (aspirated and unaspirated "p" sounds). More details about the individual consonant sounds are given in the following table. All of the consonants may occur as the initial sound of a syllable, with the exception of (unless the zero initial is assigned to this phoneme; see below.) The glides , , may also be medials (coming between the initial consonant and the main vowel). The only consonants that can appear in syllable coda (final) position are , , and (although may occur as an allophone of before labial consonants in fast speech, and in some descriptions the second elements of diphthongs are identified with the glides). Final , may be pronounced without complete oral closure, resulting in a syllable that in fact ends with a long nasalized vowel.〔Duanmu (2000), p. 72.〕 See also Syllable reduction, below. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Standard Chinese phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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